主句是強調(diào)句it was... that.。.被強調(diào)部分the farthest是后面句子的狀語，可以理解為scientists had been able to look the farthest into the past
2) for.。.引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句是一個系表結(jié)構(gòu)，what they were seeing是從句中的主語，that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾the patterns and structures。
第三、詞的處理：
even more important 更為重要的是
he patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)
15 billion years ago 150億年前
參考譯文：
更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過去的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。
句子三：
Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true。
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Odd though it sounds, / cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, / and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true。
第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是cosmic inflation is a consequence, and many astrophysicists have been convinced that it is true。其中Odd though it sounds是倒裝的讓步狀語從句，等于 though it sounds odd
2) consequence前后有多重定語。
3) and many astrophysicists have been convinced為被動結(jié)構(gòu)。
4) that it is true是賓語從句。
第三、詞的處理：
cosmic inflation 宇宙膨脹說
scientifically plausible consequence 科學(xué)上可信的推論
in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理學(xué)
convinced 被說服，相信
for the better part of a decade 七八年來
參考譯文：
宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特醫(yī)學(xué)全在,線zxtf.net.cn，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七八年來一直認(rèn)為這一論說是正確的。
句子四：
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
