根據(jù)全國碩士研究生統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱規(guī)定，考研翻譯“主要考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的英語材料的能力。要求考生閱讀一篇約400詞的文章，zxtf.net.cn并將其中5個劃線部分(約150詞)譯成漢語，要求譯文準(zhǔn)確、完整、通順。考生在答題卡2上作答�！逼錅y試的重點是考生對英語的理解能力及漢語表達能力,有關(guān)翻譯部分的規(guī)定是“能將一般難度的英語短文譯成漢語，理解基本正確，譯文達意”。這就需要考生既要有比較好的英語基礎(chǔ)，還要有扎實的漢語功底。翻譯是一門語言的藝術(shù)，是語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，是在準(zhǔn)確理解的基礎(chǔ)上用一種語言來忠實的表達另外一種語言;它是一項對綜合能力要求比較高的題型，它不僅要求學(xué)生對詞匯、語法、語篇以及文化等有較好的掌握，還要求學(xué)生有著很強的組詞成句、組句成段的能力。但是其在評分時有合適標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和可接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，zxtf.net.cn也就是說只要考生所翻譯的句子適合于上下文的基本思想而且其譯文也能被人所接受，一般可以判定這個句子的翻譯符合要求。
由于翻譯部分的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和閱讀理解的較難句型基本類似，考試重點如出一轍，為了讓大家更好的理解閱讀理解真題文章，提高做題正確率，zxtf.net.cn現(xiàn)在把考研翻譯方法進行歸納總結(jié)，以便大家復(fù)習(xí)參考。
被動語態(tài)翻譯法
1) 變?yōu)闈h語的主動形式。
Eg:
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認為應(yīng)該這樣對待動物：要么像對待人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。
2) 譯成具有被動意義的漢語結(jié)構(gòu)。
Eg:
For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.盡管計算機可以提供那么多的幫助，它卻不應(yīng)該被看作是基本的思維和推理技巧的替代物。
Eg:
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.這些預(yù)測將在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實取決于所用信息的數(shù)量、可靠程度、適宜程度以及用來解釋這些信息的技巧與才智。
3) 增添“人們”、“大家”等適當(dāng)?shù)脑~做漢語譯文的主語。
Eg:
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.許多人認為普通人的思維活動根本無法和科學(xué)家的思維過程想比較，他們并認為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某中專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。
Eg:
During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
分譯法
英語長句子比較多，漢語句子相對而言比較短。zxtf.net.cn在翻譯時可以改變原文結(jié)構(gòu)，把原文的某個成分從原來的結(jié)構(gòu)中分離出來，譯成一個獨立成分、從句或并列分句。
Eg: It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.這個局勢對國際安全是個威脅，這樣的說法是完全正確的。
合譯法
和分譯法不同，合譯法是將不同的句子成分組合在一起，使其更符合漢語的表達方法。Eg:
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.他們說科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識，不如說源于改進了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普遍的東西。(將英語的一個句子結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成一個詞組)
Eg:
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.這種反應(yīng)并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵，而不是遭到嘲笑。(When that happens, it is not a mistake原來是兩個句子，現(xiàn)在組合成一個簡潔的漢語句子。)
順序調(diào)整法
一般來說，翻譯時應(yīng)該按照句子原來的順序進行，zxtf.net.cn但由于英漢兩種語言中定語、狀語和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻譯時需要做一定的調(diào)整(例如采用倒譯法)，使其更符合漢語的習(xí)慣。
Eg:
The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment.如果我們進入了技術(shù)新時代而不首先估價我們對環(huán)境所負的責(zé)任，我們將遇到公害，這些公害將表明危險真正達到了什么程度。
Eg:
That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關(guān)系的話，也是微不足道的。(原來的謂語，在譯文中變成了在前的主語。)
反譯法
一個問題有時可以從不同的角度來解釋說明。有些句子英語是從正面說的，漢語可以從反面來解釋。
1)否定譯成肯定。
Eg:
I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次經(jīng)過那家劇院，我都會想起他的最后一次演出。
Eg:
Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.美國公民科盲日益嚴重，這種調(diào)查報告幾乎月月都有。(雙重否定)
2)肯定譯成否定。
Eg:
Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.人人有不挨餓的權(quán)利。
Eg:
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.這種困境將是確定無疑的，[來源：考研加油綻]因為能源的匱乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無法以高能量消耗、投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可能獲得高產(chǎn)的美國耕種方式繼續(xù)下去了。
Eg:
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯誤的，因為在抨擊這類測試時，批評者不考慮其弊病來自人們對測試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。
幾種特殊否定句式的翻譯法
“no more…than翻譯成漢語“和……一樣不”
Eg:
The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.臟和胃一樣不能思維，都受大腦支配。
Eg:
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他們沒有理由限定你吃多少維生素，就如同他們不能限定你喝多少水一樣。
“not so much …as”翻譯成“與其說……，不如說……”
Eg:
It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.與其說他輸了比賽是多次被擊中，不如說是自己缺乏斗志。
Eg:
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史研究中各個具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。
Eg:
He is the last person I want to see in the world.他是這個世界上我最不愿意見到的人。
定語從句翻譯法
1)合譯法:把定語從句放在被修飾的詞語之前，從而將英語復(fù)合句翻譯成漢語單句。
Eg:
Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.國會公布了關(guān)于接受美國援助的105個國家的****情況調(diào)查報告。
2)分譯法:根據(jù)定語從句的不同情況，我們可以將其翻譯成并列分句、其它從句或獨立句等。
Eg:
Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.任何人如果停止吸取新知識，就肯定會落后。(譯為條件狀語從句)
The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.罷工會使遠洋航船不能靠岸，因為他們需要拖船的幫助。(譯成原因狀語從句)
A geological prospecting engineer who had made a spectral analysis of ores discovered a new open-cut coalmine.一位地質(zhì)勘探工程師對光譜進行了分析之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的露天煤礦。(譯為時間狀語結(jié)構(gòu))
The delivery of public services has tended to be an area where we decorate an obsolete process with technology.公共服務(wù)的提供方式已趨陳舊，這正是我們必須采用技術(shù)加以裝備的領(lǐng)域。(譯為并列分句)
We now live in a very new economy, a service economy, where relationships are becoming more important than physical products.現(xiàn)在我們正生活于一種全新的經(jīng)濟，即服務(wù)性經(jīng)濟中，各種關(guān)系越來越比物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品更為重要。(譯為并列分句)
主語從句翻譯法
1)以that, what, who, where, whatever等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句，可以將從句翻譯成“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)。
Eg:It is important that science and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible.重要的是要把科學(xué)技術(shù)搞上去。
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。(主語從句與主句合譯成簡單句，按順序譯出)
2)也可以譯成“主-謂-賓”結(jié)構(gòu),從句本身做句子的主語，其余部分按原文順序譯出。
Eg:
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以犧牲對技術(shù)的經(jīng)費投入來增加對純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動的力量。
3)分譯法:把原來的狀語從句從整體結(jié)構(gòu)中分離出來,譯成另一個相對獨立得單句。
Eg:
It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.這個局勢對國際安全是個威脅，這樣的說法是完全正確的。(It是形式主語，that this situation is a threat to international security是真正的賓語)
賓語從句翻譯法
由that, what, how, where等詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般按照原文順序翻譯,即順譯法。
Eg:
Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged.科學(xué)家們有理由認為人可以忍受遠超過0.1雷姆的輻射而不受傷害。
Eg:
We wish to inform you that we specialize in the export of Chinese textiles and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.我公司專門辦理中國紡織品出口業(yè)務(wù)，并愿在平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上同貴公司建立業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。
狀語從句翻譯法
1)順譯法:按照原文順序翻譯。
Eg:
If the negotiations between the rich nations and the poor nations make headway, it is intended that a ministerial session in December should be arranged.如果富國和窮國之間的談判獲得進展的話，就打算在12月份安排召開部長級會議。
2)逆譯法:把位于句末的從句放在句首。
Eg:
Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.顯然，如果計算機給出的全部答案均需要核查，花錢買計算機就毫無意義。不過，人們也應(yīng)該信賴自身內(nèi)部的計算能力，在認為計算機有問題時進行復(fù)查。
3)分譯法:有時也可以譯為并列句。
Eg:Electricity is such an important energy that modern industry couldn’t develop without it.電是一種非常重要的能量，沒有它，現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)就不能發(fā)展。(原文由such…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句譯為漢語的并列句)
表語從句翻譯法
大部分情況下可以采用順譯法，間或也可以用逆譯法。
Eg:
My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.我的觀點是一代人經(jīng)常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。(順譯法)
His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.他對新
聞界的看法是，記者們不是支持他，就是反對他。(順譯法)
Water and food is what the people in the area are badly needed.該地區(qū)的人們最需要的是
水和食品。(逆譯法)
同位語從句翻譯法
1)補譯法:加上一些詞,如“即”,“以為”,或者以冒號、破折號分開處理。
Eg:That racism continues to prevail is indicated by the fact that we, intentionally or not, chose three white men to be the first men associated with the moon.種族主義繼續(xù)占上風(fēng)可有事實說明：我們有意無意挑選了三位白種人作為首批登陸者。
2)先譯法:先翻譯從句,即從句前置。
Eg:
This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty doesn’t admit of infringement.一個國家的領(lǐng)土不容侵犯，這是國際法中盡人皆知的準(zhǔn)則。
Despite the fact that comets are probably the most numerous astronomical bodies in the solar system aside from small meteor fragments and the asteroids, they are largely a mystery.在太陽系中除小片流星和小行星外，彗星大概是數(shù)量最多的天體了，盡管如此，它們?nèi)耘f基本上是神秘莫測的。
3)順譯法:按照原文順序翻譯。
Eg:As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.作為一個孝順的兒子，我接受父母的決定，去當(dāng)大夫，雖然我對這樣的前途毫無興趣。
