下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，每題后面有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀短文并根據(jù)短文回答其后面的問(wèn)題，從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。
第一篇 Who Wants to Live Forever?
If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long, would you take it?
The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date. Scientists have already extended the lives of flies, worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years.
This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams, spending time with our loved ones, watching our families grow and have families of their own.
"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."
Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war, poverty, all sorts of issues around, and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan. "The question is ‘What will we get as a society?' I suspect it won't be a better society."
It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? 'And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?
Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents, or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart1. We think of an elder sibling as someone, who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.
Working life would also be affected, especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age - skill, wisdom and good judgment.
On the other hand, more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals, making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?
Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people, and more on making life comfortable for the old.
And society would feel, very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom, but less energy: Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience .different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact, they are less enthusiastic about everything.
The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances, we need to think about these changes now.
"If this could ever happen, then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get," says Daniel Callahan. "'We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."
31. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?
A. Spending more time with his family. B. Having more education.
C. Realizing more dreams. D. Working longer.
32. Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?
A. Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.
B.More and more people in the US today want to get married.
C. Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.
D. If people live longer~ they would stay in marriage longer.
33. All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT
A. Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult.
B. More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.
C. The job market Would be more competitive.
D. It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions.
34. An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that
A. it places more emphasis on educating the young.
B. it is both wise and energetic.
C. it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new
D. it welcomes changes.
35. Which of the following best describes Callahan's attitude to anti-ageing technology ?
A. Optimistic. B. Pessimistic.
C. Reserved. D. Negative.
第二篇 Preventing Child Maltreatment
Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low-and middle-income countries，are lacking.
Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20%of women and 5-10%of men report being sexually abused as children，while 25-50%of all children report being physically abused. Additionally，many children are subject to1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).
Every year，there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates the true extent of the problem，as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls，bums and drowning.
Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4
Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment，there is an economic impact，including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.
A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.
It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated ,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent ,being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features
36.International studies reveal that
A.many children have been neglected.
B.child maltreatment is most serious in developed countries.
C.20%of children have been sexually abused.
D.25—50%of girls have been physically abused.
37.The word “underestimates” in paragraph 3 means
A.exaggerates.
B.points out.
C.assumes.
D.miscalculates.
38.Child maltreatment can bring all the following consequences EXCEPT
A.stress.
B.suicide.
C.heart disease.
D.poor memory.
39. Children are more likely to be maltreated if they
A.cry a lot.
B.are not good-looking.
C.are over 4 years old.
D.are quiet.
40.We can infer from the passage that
A.researchers have collected enough data on child maltreatment.
B.more than 31，000 children under 15 are killed every year.
C.many countries have set up special institutions for maltreated children.
D.some children are also to blame for mal treatment.
第三篇 Ulcers
Even though ulcers appear to run in families, lifestyle plays more of a role than genetic factors in causing the illness, according to a report in the April 13th Journal of Internal Medicine. In particular, smoking and stress in men and the regular use of pain-releasing medicines in women were linked with an increased risk of developing an ulcer.
Overall, 61% of ulcer risk appears to be due to environmental factors, such as smoking, and the remaining 39% is due to genes according to Dr. Ismo Raiha of the University of Turky and colleagues at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Some researchers had suggested that families may spread Helicobacteria pylori, the bacteria that can cause ulcers. However, the new study suggests this is unlikely, according to the report.
Raiha and colleagues studied data from more than 13,000 pairs of twins "to examine the roles of genetic and environmental factors in the origin of peptic ulcer disease," they explain. Both twins were more likely to develop an ulcer if the pair were genetically the same as compared with a pair of fraternal twins, suggesting that there must be some genetic susceptibility to ulcer development.
However, the risk was no greater in twins living together compared with twins living apart, suggesting that shared exposure to H. pylori was not to blame. "Environment effects were not due to factors shared by family members, and they were related to smoking and stress in men and the use of analgesics in women," the authors wrote. "The minor effects of shared environment to disease liability do not support the concept that the grouping of risk factors, such as H. pylori infection, would explain the genetic factor of peptic ulcer disease," they concluded.
46. According to the passage, which of the following is a very likely cause of ulcer in men?
A) Smoking and stress.
B) Drinking and smoking.
C) Genes and children.
D) Use of a certain medicine.
47. What factors contribute to over half the ulcers?
A) Hereditary factors.
B) Economic factors.
C) Environmental factors.
D) Genetic factors.
48. In relation to ulcers, experts study twins in order to examine
A) the roles of genetic factors.
B) the roles of environmental factors.
C) the roles of both factors.
D) the roles of brotherhood.
49. What does "environmental effects" in the fifth paragraph refer to?
A) A clean environment with no smoke and dust surrounding the living area.
B) Smoking and stress in men and use of pain-killing medicine in Women.
C) Factors shared by family members such as genes and the food they eat.
D) Shared exposure to H. pylori infection in the unclean environment.
50. The passage argues that
A) ulcers are related to genes.
B) ulcers are related to lifestyle.
C) ulcers appear in men and women.
D) ulcers are caused by pylori infection.
