在英語句子里,謂語受主語支配,其動(dòng)詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律,大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則,即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。先講一下語法一致。
一、語法一致原則語法上一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。
1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:His father is working on the farm.(他的父親正在農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作,his father做主語,屬于單數(shù),所以謂語is working用單數(shù)形式)
The children were in the classroom two hoursago.(孩子們兩個(gè)小時(shí)前在房間里,The children做主語,children是復(fù)數(shù)形式,它的單數(shù)是child,謂語were用復(fù)數(shù)形式)
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.(在陽光下看書會(huì)損害你的眼睛,Reading in the sun動(dòng)名詞短語做主語,屬于單數(shù),謂語is,用單數(shù)形式。)
注意:由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式,但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如:What I bought were three English books. (我?guī)Я巳居⒄Z書,其實(shí)這個(gè)句子可以這樣來看,我?guī)Я耸裁茨兀咳居⒄Z書。What I bought就是指三本英語書,所以謂語were用的是復(fù)數(shù)形式)
What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.(我所說的和我所做的都是為了幫助你,我說的和我做的是兩件事所以可以用復(fù)數(shù),但是謂語僅僅是指前面的do,我做的那么就可以用單數(shù)is,所以這里可以用單數(shù)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。)
2. 由連接詞and或both …… and連接起來的合成主語后面,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動(dòng)詞。
如:Lucy and Lily are twins. (露西和莉莉是雙胞胎,Lucy and Lily做主語,謂語用are,復(fù)數(shù)形式)
She and I are classmates. (她和我是同班同學(xué),She and I做主語,謂語用are,復(fù)數(shù)形式)
Both sheand he are Young Pioneers.(他們兩個(gè)都是少先隊(duì)員,Both she and he做主語,謂語用are,復(fù)數(shù)形式)
注意:
(1)若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí),它后面的謂語動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (這位作家和藝術(shù)家來了,這句話的意思是這個(gè)人既是作家優(yōu)勢(shì)藝術(shù)家,他有兩個(gè)身份。這里是指同一個(gè)人所以謂語has用單數(shù)形式。)
(2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girllikes it.(Every student and every teacher,做主語,前面的修飾詞是every,謂語was用單數(shù)形式。)
3. 主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞,盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語,謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式;若主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(就前原則)
如:Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. (格林先生和他的妻子孩子一起來中國了。只看前面的Mr. Green,謂語has單數(shù)形式)
4. either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,都作單數(shù)看待。
如:Each of us has a new book. (每個(gè)人都有一本新書,Each of us做主語,謂語has用單數(shù))
5. 在定語從句時(shí),關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。
如:He is one of my friends who are working hard.(他只是我努力工作的朋友之一,其中之一,說明有許多或者說兩個(gè)以上,謂語are用復(fù)數(shù))
6. 如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體,它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);如果它指集體的成員,其謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。
如:Class Four is on the third floor.(四班在第三層樓。這里是指四班這個(gè)班級(jí)。謂語is,用單數(shù))
注意:people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。(本身是集合名詞,屬于復(fù)數(shù))
7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語,其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。
如:There are a lot of people in the classroom.(a lot of people屬于復(fù)數(shù),許多人,謂語are用復(fù)數(shù)。)
The rest of the lecture is wonderful. (剩下的演講很精彩。The rest of后面接的是演講剩下的部分,屬于單數(shù)謂語is用單數(shù)形式。)
注意:a number of“許多”,作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語用復(fù)數(shù);the number of“……的數(shù)量”,主語是number,謂語用單數(shù)。
8. 在倒裝句中,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。
如:There comes the bus. (there做主語,謂語come用第三人稱單數(shù)comes)
On the wall are many pictures. (倒裝句其實(shí)是many pictures are on thewall,所以謂語are用復(fù)數(shù))