第三句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語
我們知道,名詞可以做主語和賓語,非謂語動詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語和賓語,
作主語:
Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學門外語并不容易。)
To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
從語法角度講,上述兩個表達方式都可以。
但是,當動詞處于賓語位置時,就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了,因為英語語法有以下幾個規(guī)定:
1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動詞賓語必須用-ing 形式,重點和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關系不大,沒有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請學生自己查字典解決。
這是語法考試的一個重點,要對以上詞特別敏感,例如:
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected
B. having much affected
C. to be much affected
D. to have been much affected
解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在A、B中; 2)affect意為"影響",及物動詞,故B不對。[如果做題時間來不及,此類題目若有"主動語態(tài)"和"被動語態(tài)"之分,一般選"被動語態(tài)"的正確率高些。]
2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說話時還沒有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過事的回憶,如:"我昨天出門時忘了關窗了。"顯然是指出門時還沒有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不記得以前見過你。"顯然是指說話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此,除了知道這個規(guī)定外,分清"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生"是解題的關鍵。
實例:
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to have been introduced
B. having introduced
C. being introduced
D. to be introduced
解題思路:1)第一步要確定"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生",即A、D還是B、C,"你記得上次訪問時被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?"顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B、C;2)"introduce"(介紹)后沒有賓語,說明是"被動語態(tài):,故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"]
3)need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時,有兩種表達方式,如:
"這間會客室需要打掃一下"
A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被動式)
B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動式)
考試時若同時出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B
4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞,后面應跟名詞或動名詞-ing