職稱英語(yǔ)考試常用語(yǔ)法詳解：第五講

來(lái)源：本站原創(chuàng) 更新：2014/6/5 職稱英語(yǔ)考試論壇

　　5) We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that the appointment had been canceled. (only to…表示意想不到的結(jié)果：我們?cè)谟曛械攘私?個(gè)小時(shí)，結(jié)果被告知約會(huì)取消了。)
　　6) To be fair, he has been working very hard recently.(公平地說(shuō)，他最近工作一直非常努力。類似的表達(dá)方式還有：
　　to tell the truth(說(shuō)實(shí)話), to be frank(老實(shí)說(shuō))，to go without saying (不用說(shuō) / 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)) 等。
　　關(guān)于分詞做后置狀語(yǔ)的舉例 (注意括號(hào)中句子的演變過(guò)程)：
　　1) She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother was seriously ill. (她收到她兄弟發(fā)來(lái)的一份電子郵件，(郵件上)說(shuō)她母親病得很厲害。= She received an E-mail from her brother, which(= an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)
　　2) Serious infection may develop in some patients, resulting in death. (有些病人會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重感染，導(dǎo)致死亡。(= Serious infection may develop in some patients, which results in death.)
　　3) The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager. (客人在經(jīng)理陪同下走進(jìn)辦公室。 = The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by the manager.)
　　關(guān)于"動(dòng)詞不定式"的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明：
　　1) 前面講到："動(dòng)詞不定式"的完成式表示醫(yī)學(xué)全在.線zxtf.net.cn過(guò)去時(shí)，它常在以下句型中出現(xiàn)：
　　(主語(yǔ))+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have (been) done
　　(主語(yǔ))+ seem to have (been) done
　　(主語(yǔ))+ be likely to have (been) done
　　當(dāng)考試時(shí)看到這樣的句型出現(xiàn)，首先要考慮是否是"動(dòng)詞不定式"的完成式
　　2) 注意"動(dòng)詞不定式" to與介詞to的區(qū)別，即：是to + 動(dòng)詞，還是to + 名詞或動(dòng)名詞(-ing)。"第二講五個(gè)基本句型"中已經(jīng)提到：object to / look forward to / be (get) accustomed (used) to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to等中的to是介詞。
　　當(dāng)考試時(shí)看到這樣的表達(dá)方式出現(xiàn)，首先要考慮選擇-ing形式(一般不會(huì)給純名詞形式)
　　關(guān)于on + ing 形式和with (without) + 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
　　1)on + ing 形式：一般將介詞on + -ing形式理解為"分詞"(要有行為主體)而不是"動(dòng)名詞"，意為 "當(dāng)…時(shí)"，"一…就…"，相當(dāng)于when 或as soon as，例如：
　　On hearing the news, she burst into tears. (一聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，她一下子哭了起來(lái)。)
　　錯(cuò)：On arriving in Beijing, it began to rain heavily. (一到北京，就開(kāi)始下起大雨來(lái)了。)
　　由于句子的主語(yǔ)it并不是arriving的行為主體，該句語(yǔ)法不成立�？梢愿臑椋�
　　No sooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily.
　　2) with (without) + 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
　　She fell asleep with the lamp burning. (她開(kāi)著燈誰(shuí)著了。)
　　Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces covered with mud and sweat.(孩子們幾乎每天回家時(shí)手上臉上都是泥和汗。)
　　當(dāng)這樣的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞為 "be" 動(dòng)詞時(shí)，往往省略，例如：
　　Every day the old teacher entered the classroom, with a poor bag under his arm. (每天，這位老教師夾著個(gè)破包走進(jìn)教室。= with a poor bag being under his arm)
　　關(guān)于-ing和-ed形容詞
　　當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后面加上-ing或-ed就可以是一個(gè)形容詞，其基本概念還是-ing為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，-ed為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：a sleeping child (一個(gè)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子)，a wounded soldier (一個(gè)受傷的戰(zhàn)士) .
　　一些帶有感情色彩的動(dòng)詞，由于人的感情是"被刺激"后產(chǎn)生的，故一般用-ed形式，而外界的刺激物則用-ing形式，例如：I was moved deeply; the film was really moving. (我深受感動(dòng);這部電影真是感人。)
　　the + 形容詞(包括-ed形容詞)→ 名詞(可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)), 例如：
　　the wounded (傷員)/ the disabled(殘疾人)
　　關(guān)于現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞
　　如前所述，現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法并不強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別，建議學(xué)生"忘掉"動(dòng)名詞，特別是應(yīng)試。但記住下面的規(guī)定：
　　She regrets ______ idle when (she was) young. (她后悔年輕時(shí)無(wú)所事事。)
　　A. to have been
　　B. her being
　　C. her having being
　　D. having been
　　解題思路：1)regret后一般接ing形式，除非regret to tell / say, 故A不能選;2)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，不要再加邏輯主語(yǔ)了，故正確答案為D，比較：Tom insisted on my going with him. (Tom堅(jiān)持要我和他一起去。)
　　非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講了這么多內(nèi)容，解題時(shí)始終不忘：
　　1) 分清過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái);
　　2) 分清主動(dòng)與被動(dòng);
　　3) 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表示過(guò)去時(shí);
　　4) 見(jiàn)"for"要用完成式;
　　5) 否定式not要放在to / -ing / -ed的前面

只要記住以上要點(diǎn)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的解題就不會(huì)出大的問(wèn)題。

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