記住四個(gè)字:瞻前顧后
瞻前:先看看先行詞一般與什么介詞搭配,例如:
There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.
→ Joking is not permissible _____ (certain) occasions.
常與occasion搭配的介詞是什么?on,即:
Joking is not permissible on (certain) occasions. (有的場(chǎng)合是不容許開(kāi)玩笑的。)
There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.
顧后:看看謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與什么介詞搭配,例如:
This car, ____ which I paid a lot of money, is now out of date.
→ I paid a lot of money ______ this car.
Pay (money) for something 是一個(gè)固定的搭配,因此應(yīng)填介詞 "for"
當(dāng)A、B、C、D中出現(xiàn) " 介詞 + which / whom" 選項(xiàng)時(shí),而你又確實(shí)看不懂時(shí),應(yīng)傾向于選擇" 介詞 + which / whom"的形式,例如:
The two elements _____ water is made are the gases oxygen and hydrogen.
A. that
B. which
C. with which
D. of which
傾向選擇C、D;正確答案D,"be made of "(由…組成):
The two elements are gases (oxygen and hydrogen).
Water is made of the two elements.
兩個(gè)句子一合并,便是該句選擇。
(四)其他應(yīng)注意的確問(wèn)題:
(1) 同位語(yǔ)從句只能用"that"連接
常見(jiàn)的同位語(yǔ)先行詞有:fact(事實(shí)), possibility(可能), idea(想法), belief(相信), doubt(疑問(wèn)), news(消息), order(命令), promise(承諾), evidence(證據(jù)), suggestion(建議)等,例如:
Is there any possibility that all the villagers can send their children to school?(有沒(méi)有這種可能,所有村民都能送他們的孩子上學(xué)?)
There can be no doubt that he is a qualified doctor.(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),他是個(gè)合格的醫(yī)生。)
(2) "as" 也可以做關(guān)系代詞用于連接定語(yǔ)從句,特別是在"such…as…", "the same as…" 以及"正如…"的結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如:
I have never seen a thing as he described. (我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)他所描述的那種事。)
As was expected, the performance was a great success. (正如所料,演出獲得了巨大成功。)
把該句理解為:The performance was a great success, which was expected,就比較容易理解as的這種用法。
將定語(yǔ)從句的連接用三句話歸納一下:
↗ 人用who / whom
(1)先行詞在從句中當(dāng)主、賓、表語(yǔ) →定語(yǔ)用whose
↘ 物用that (= which)/ 非限制用which
↗地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)用:where
(2)先行詞在從句中當(dāng) →原因狀語(yǔ)(reason)用:why
↘ 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)用:when
(3)介詞 + which / whom結(jié)構(gòu):瞻前顧后
二.名詞性從句:
(一)什么叫名詞性從句?
在英語(yǔ)句子中,主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)是名詞,在這三個(gè)位置上出現(xiàn)的句子就稱為名詞性從,即:主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的總稱。由于他們的連接原則和連接詞的使用基本一致,故放在一起講解。
(二)如何連接?
名詞性從句的連接可以簡(jiǎn)單地歸納為三句話:
1) 從句不缺成分用that
2) 從句缺少主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),物用what,人用who / whom / whoever / whomever
3) 其他情況,中文缺什么意思就補(bǔ)所醫(yī)學(xué).全在線zxtf.net.cn需的帶-wh的詞(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose),
第一句話:從句不缺成分用that,例如:
My hope is that she will soon be well again. (表語(yǔ)從句:我的希望是他能很快康復(fù)。)
Everybody hopes that she will soon be well again.(賓語(yǔ)從句:大家都希望他能很快康復(fù)。)
That she will soon be well again is our hope. (主語(yǔ)從句:他能很快康復(fù)是我們的希望。)
從上面三個(gè)句子可以看出:
1) 名詞性從句中的that 只是起連接作用,不充當(dāng)任何成分,一定要與定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞that相區(qū)別;
2) 除了主語(yǔ)從句居首的情況(如例3),是可以省略的,特別是賓語(yǔ)從句中。例3也可以寫成:It is our hope that she will soon be well again.
此項(xiàng)內(nèi)容不是考試重點(diǎn)。
第二句話:從句缺少主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ), 物用what,人用who / whom / whoever / whomever
這是名詞性從句考試的重點(diǎn), 特別是what, 這里的關(guān)鍵是否能辨認(rèn)出句子的成分,
例如:
______ he needs is more time. (他需要的是更多的時(shí)間。)
顯然,主語(yǔ)從句中:he是主語(yǔ),而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞needs缺賓語(yǔ),因此填what
Tell us _____ you saw and heard during your visit to that university.
同樣,賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞saw和heard缺賓語(yǔ),應(yīng)填 what
This is not ______ I want. 同樣,表語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞缺賓語(yǔ),應(yīng)填what
______ some people are against is ______ other people are for.
這是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句 + 表語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu),介詞against和 for后面都沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),無(wú)疑都應(yīng)填what:一些人反對(duì)的就是其他人贊成的。
應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題:
1) 關(guān)于what的疑問(wèn)性和名詞性:
I don't know what you don't know.
這個(gè)句子可以有兩個(gè)譯文:我不知道你不知道什么。/ 你不知道的我也不知道。顯然,第一個(gè)譯文中what是疑問(wèn)性的(即"什么?");第二個(gè)譯文中what是名詞性的,中文往往表達(dá)為"…的".
注意:這種區(qū)分并不影響做語(yǔ)法選擇題,只影響翻譯理解.
例如:
What has made Japan ______ it is today?
不要急著試圖翻譯這個(gè)句子,先考慮一下醫(yī)學(xué).全在線zxtf.net.cn從句中缺了什么成分?缺表語(yǔ),即: it is 的表語(yǔ),那就填what, 即:What has made Japan what it is today? 是什么使日本成為今天這個(gè)樣子?句中第一個(gè)what是疑問(wèn)性的,第二個(gè)what是名詞性的。
2) 關(guān)于whoever和whomever的用法:
上面講到,what具有疑問(wèn)性和名詞性。同樣,講到人"誰(shuí)"時(shí), 也有疑問(wèn)性和名詞性之分,F(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法規(guī)定,疑問(wèn)性 "誰(shuí)?"用who / whom,名詞性"誰(shuí) = 那個(gè)人"用whoever/ whomever. (whoever / whomever = the person who / whom), 例如:
誰(shuí)遲到就開(kāi)除誰(shuí)。該句中的"誰(shuí)"不是問(wèn)"哪個(gè)人遲到了?",而是說(shuō)"遲到的那個(gè)人",顯然是名詞性的,應(yīng)譯為:Whoever comes late will be fired.
這也是目前語(yǔ)法考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。
3) 用who 還是whom?
We are talking about ______ will attend the meeting. (我們正在談?wù)撜l(shuí)去參加這個(gè)會(huì)議。)
在個(gè)句子中,盡管空格______的位置在介詞about 后面,屬介詞賓語(yǔ)的一部分,但它在從句中做主語(yǔ),因此還是應(yīng)該填who 而不是填whom;此原則同樣適用于whoever與 whomever之間的選擇。
第三句話:其他情況,中文缺什么意思就補(bǔ)所需的帶-wh的詞(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose),例如:
I wonder whether he will come in such bad weather. (天氣這么糟糕,不知他是否會(huì)來(lái)。)
名詞性從句有兩個(gè)兩個(gè)重點(diǎn):what 和whoever
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