閱讀的最高境界
“精讀你必須掌握的,略讀無關緊要的,不管莫名其妙的”
一 到底該怎樣閱讀?
(1) 完全沒有必要試圖去弄懂文章的每一個詞,一方面時間不允許,另一方面就算把文章全部翻譯成中文也未必就選得對答案。更何況短文后那五道題的答案一般也就對應5-10句話,所以真正要搞定的也就十句話左右。 (2) 盡量跟著作者的思路走,不要局限于單詞和句子層面,要能夠順著思路,把握文章脈絡,千萬不要只見樹木不見森林,只有使自己的視野保持一定的高度,才不至于被命題人牽著鼻子走,才能清楚的找到命題人的思路,挖掘他們設置的陷阱。說簡單點就是抓住文章中心,抓住段落中心。視那些補充、解釋的成分而不見。 (3) 遇到不懂的句子或句群怎么辦?暫時跳過,不管它。也許這些句子本身就無關緊要,也許現在不懂,但讀完全文后或到做題目時就自然明白了。千萬不要回過頭去反復琢磨。 (4)最難也是最沒有被以往輔導老師注意的一步:文章的整體結構,段落之間的關系,句子與句子之間的關系,句群內部的關系。比如并列結構、總分結構、倒裝結構、遞進關系、同位語結構,而往往這些都是命題人最喜歡的命題處和藏答案處。比如:2006-37題的“對應句子”就是總分結構,
二 如何有效提高閱讀速度:
1, 抓住中心 文章的首末段一般就是文章的中心,這里的每句話要爭取完全弄懂。弄懂中心了,后面的內容也就好理解。再就是每段話的中心句,一般在段首或者段尾,也要爭取完全弄懂。這些中心是文章的骨架,掌握好這些內容,其他的內容都是圍繞中心展開的,就可以略看,這時遇到不很懂的地方也要學會放棄,暫時跳過去,不管它。 2, 注意標點符號 閱讀時要一整句話一整句話的理解,在沒有出現句號等表示一句話已經完整的符號前,不要停下閱讀而去理解句子的意思。因為一句完整的句子才能正確表達原文的意思,你如果只看幾個詞組或者句子中的部分成分就去理解原文很容易斷章取義,造成錯誤的理解。 同時要注意分號,破折號,它們常常是命題的好地方。 3, 注意轉折詞 考研閱讀中最常見的考查點就是轉折詞。往往問題的答案就在轉折詞后面的句子里,所以在閱讀時一定要注意“出現轉折詞”的地方,并做好標記。 4, 注意區(qū)分文章的論點和論據 考研閱讀一般是議論題材,論點一般在原文首段就以精練的語言表達出來了的,字數少,要精讀,是必須把握的,而論據是分散在原文各段,多呈事實細節(jié)性描敘出現在原文,這些內容可以略看。 5, 要不懂裝懂 閱讀時可能有些句子或者詞組你仔細看了也不是很明白具體的意思,這時候你千萬別把再花時間反復推敲了?梢詴呵曳乓贿,不去管它了,也許這些句子并不重要,也許在不需要具體理解它的意思的情況下也能選對答案。 6, 尋找并圈點句群 把說明和論證同一問題的句子列為一個句群,并把它們用記號(括號)圈點起來,一并理解。這樣有助于排除命題干擾,同時也可減少閱讀的量。
以上內容看起來很復雜,剛開始做起來也肯定費神、費時,沒關系,干什么事都需要一個過程,熟練后就提高了閱讀速度,這樣一來,你不僅節(jié)省了時間,提高了效率,而且會提高閱讀答題的命中率!下面就以2004年的第一篇文章來示范一下: 2004 Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search agent".It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility." says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what you think you want to do — then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. "There's no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me," says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs — those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them — and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 41. How did Redmon find his job? [A] By searching openings in a job database. [B] By posting a matching position in a database. [C] By using a special service of a database. [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database. 42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents? [A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits. [C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches. 43. The expression "tip service" (line 3, paragraph 3) most probably means ________. [A] advisory [B] compensation [C] interaction [D] reminder 44. Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options? [A] To focus on better job matches. [B] To attract more returning visits. [C] To reserve space for more messages. [D] To increase the rate of success. 45. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. [B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. [C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. [D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed. 下面,我們就來一段一段的讀這篇文章吧。在開始讀之前,有個問題要先說明一下。閱讀題的短文無論什么題材都有自己的中心,文章中心一般在首段。同樣每一段也有自己的中心,有自己的中心句,往往理解一段文字的大意,只要找到該中心句并仔細閱讀和理解就可以啦。中心句一般在段首,也有在段尾的。抓住中心,包括文章的中心和段落的中心,對正確理解全文和解答問題非常重要! 第一段共六句話,中心句在第二句“He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search agent””這里有一個句群,由第二、三、四、五句組成,即:He searched it ……of an opening。其中第三、四、五句和第二句說的是同一個問題"personal search agent”,而且是補充和說明的。這樣的句群只要掌握其主要句子的意思就可以啦,閱讀時其他的補充說明的句子可以不看,這樣整個這一段就變成了:Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search agent"."I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.這樣以來,整個這段文字的理解也簡潔明了了許多,更神奇的是把畫線部分的句子連起來理解的話,后面的41題的問題很容易就可以得出正確答案了。(詳細下回談技巧再說) 第二段中有個轉折詞“But”,前部分講了搜索代理的優(yōu)點“reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases”,但是緊接著“But”…… career experts see drawbacks.在理解上,作者強調的是But后面的部分。接著,作者用兩個專家的話“says one expert”, “says another expert”解釋補充了 drawbacks。(這里的第二段和第三段在邏輯上應該是一個整體,不應該分開成兩段的。)同樣這里也有個句群:But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. ……says one expert.……says another expert. "There's no career counseling implicit in all of this.。把這里當做一個句群理解話,42題的答案就迎刃而解了。 第三段的第三句又是一個轉折詞“Instead”,這里的轉折是為了和前面的drawbacks相呼應的。這句話里有個標點符號“分號”,從分號的意義來看,其前后部分的意思應該是一致的,故可知the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database和when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again意思相近,有了這樣的認識后,43題的解答就相對容易多了, tip service= reminder!。 第四段的中心句就是首句“Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return”,稍微理解一下后面的幾句話,不難發(fā)現這后面幾句都是說明補充這個中心句的,也就是一個句群。理解了句群的中心句,句群的意思也基本上就理解了。理解了句群的意思,至于其他句子具體是什么意思,根本就無所謂。反正整個句群就是在說中心句的內容“一些網絡是如何讓代理誘惑尋職者成為回頭客的”,有了這樣的認識,44題的答案你還會選錯嗎? 第五段和第四段一樣,中心句很好找,就是第一句“Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.”同樣稍微理解一下,就可以知道后面幾句都是圍繞這個中心句來補充說明的。也就是一個句群。同樣也只要理解句群的中心句就可以啦。句群的那幾個句子都在傳遞著中心句所表達信息:“即使非求職的人士也會發(fā)現搜索代理值得一覽”。這樣的話,45題你還會選錯嗎? 這樣一篇文章還不用動腦去考慮如何解答,問題的答案就一個個往外直冒了!通過上面的閱讀過程簡介,相信你對“精讀你必須掌握的,略讀無關緊要的,不管莫名其妙的”有了更深認識和體會!同時做對這篇文章的五個問題,需要理解的也就5個句群,真正需要精讀的也就5句話!(就是我用不同顏色標記的那些句子,其中每種顏色的句子對應一個問題的答案)。這就是我的反陷阱法之反陷阱閱讀。反陷阱法解題技巧(詳見我博客內具體內容)正是在此基礎上發(fā)展和完善的!為便于大家更好的理解和掌握此閱讀法,特把短文的全文翻譯一并貼上: 全文翻譯: 去年年末,甘特·雷德曼律師在找工作時偶然在網上發(fā)現職業(yè)資料庫“職業(yè)建筑師”。他找來找去并沒有找到什么工作,但被這個網址上的“個人搜索代理”所吸引。它的特點是互動,允許訪問者自定求職要求諸如工作地點、職位和薪水,當資料庫里出現與個人要求相匹配的工作崗位時它就會通過電子郵件通知求職者。雷德曼選擇關鍵詞“法律”、“知識產權”和“華盛頓特區(qū)”。過了三個星期,雷德曼接到第一份有職位空缺的通知。他說:“我掘到了金子!彼褌人簡歷用電子郵件寄給了雇主,接著就得到了一份駐公司顧問的職務。 因特網上與求職相關的網址數以千計,尋找可能的職業(yè)空缺費時效率又低。有了搜索代理,就沒那么多必要反復訪問資料庫了。不過,雖然有一個搜索代理成功地為雷德曼找到了工作,就業(yè)專家卻還是認為搜索代理并不如人意。比如縮小你的要求條件就有可能對你不利。一位專家說:“你每回答一次問題你就喪失一次機會! 尋找任何職業(yè),你都要從一個狹窄的概念開始,即你想干什么工作,然后再加以擴展。有一位專家說:“任何這些程序中都沒有那種擴展功能!薄八羞@一切都不包含職業(yè)咨詢!毕喾,最佳的策略是把代理當作一種提示服務來及時跟蹤某一資料庫里的工作崗位信息。當你收到電子郵件時,你就把它當作一種提醒再去查一查資料庫。一位職業(yè)搜索指南的作者說:“我不會依賴代理在數據庫增加的每一項內容里去逐一尋找可能令我感興趣的東西! 一些網絡謀劃讓代理誘惑尋職者成為回頭客。比如,當求職網代理向注冊服務的用戶發(fā)送信息時,它只提供三個它認為最可能匹配的崗位?赡,在資料庫里還有更多的匹配項;求職者于是只好再次訪問這個網址來尋找一求職者的確會一而再、再而三地來上網尋找。求職網銷售副總裁塞思·皮茨說:“我們發(fā)送這些信息的當天訪問量就急劇增長。” 即使非求職的人士也會發(fā)現搜索代理值得一覽。有些人利用搜索代理密切觀察對于本行業(yè)的需求或搜集有關加薪的信息以備增薪談判時胸有成竹。雷德曼雖然已愉快就職,但他與“職業(yè)建筑師”網代理的聯系依舊保持著。他說:“你要永遠睜大眼睛!笔褂脗人搜索代理等于多一雙眼睛替你在觀察。
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