(一)定語從句
1.定語從句的特征
定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句與主句關系緊密,為句中不可缺少的成分,如去掉,則主句意思不完整或不明確。非限定性定語從句與主句關系松散,如去掉,主句內容仍完整。在書面語中,非限定性定語從句一般用逗號與主句隔開。
引導定語從句的關聯詞包括:
(1)關系代詞:that,which,whose,who, whom,as。
(2)關系副詞:when,where,why。
關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中都充當一定的句子成分:主語(who,which,that);賓語(that,which,whom);定語(whose,of which);狀語(when,where,why)。
2.定語從句中關系詞的運用
(1)關系代詞。
關系代詞的選擇一般需從三方面來考慮:①先行詞是指人還是指物;②關系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語還是定語;③該從句是限定性定語從句還是非限定性定語從句。
關系代詞作賓語時,一般可省略。如:
I know that he is a man who/that means what he says. (先行詞指人,關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作主語)
The man whom/that she met told her a lie. (先行詞指人,關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語)
The watch which/that was lost has been found. (先行詞指物,關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作主語)
Here is the material which/that you need. (先行詞指物,關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語)
He is the only one whose advice she may accept. (先行詞指人,關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作定語)
(2)關系副詞。
關系副詞的選擇主要看先行詞。如先行詞為表示時間的名詞,如time,day等,則用when;如先行詞為表示地點的名詞,如place,house,area等,則用where;如先行詞為reason,則用why。另外,where = in which,why = for which。例如:
I'll never forget the village where/in which I spent my childhood.
I don't know the reason why/for which he did that.
I'll never forget the day when I first entered the college.
(3)關系代詞that和 which的區(qū)別。①存在以下情況之一時,只能用that來引導定語從句:
第一,先行詞是all,everything,something,anything,little,nothing等不定代詞時;
第二,先行詞前有next,first,last,only,few,much,some,any,very,no等詞修飾時;
第三,先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時。例如:
I've explained everything (that)I can to you. This is the most beautiful city (that)I've ever been to.
②非限定性定語從句一般不用that引導,且關系詞不可省略。例如:
His lecture, which bored everyone, ended at last.
The teacher's daughter, whom I met last month, sent me an e-mail.
(4)which和as引導定語從句的區(qū)別。在非限定性定語從句中,先行詞是整個句子時,一般用which或as來引導。which在從句中可充當主語、賓語等,as在從句中一般只充當主語。which與as引導此類定語從句的區(qū)別在于:which只能置于句中或句末,而as的位置比較靈活,既可置于句中、句末,又可置于句首。此外,as引導定語從句時還常和such,so,as或same連用,一般沒有明顯的先行詞,as一般可以譯為“正如,就像…那樣”。
例如:Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which/as is known to all.
As everybody knows, he is a good boy.
Such things as you have described are most important to me.
He is that kinds of man, such as people always meet.
I have the same dictionary as you have.
_____can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.(1999.5)
[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It
答案為[A]。As指代的是后面整句話的內容,引導非限定性定語從句,其他選項只能引導主語從句。本句意為:正如我們從比較這些數字所看到的結果一樣,這項規(guī)則需要病人在治療時積極參與。
(5)關系代詞在定語從句中有時也作介詞的賓語。如果介詞被置于關系代詞前,一般只用介詞+which或介詞+whom,而不能用介詞+that來引導定語從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末,則可用that代替which或whom,且that這時可省去。
This is the coat on which she spent 500 dollars.
One of my classmates whom/that you are familiar with will come today.
Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least.(1994.3)
。跘] of which[B] for what[C] as[D] whose
答案為[A]。題目中which的先行詞是problems,在which引導的非限定性定語從句中作介詞of的賓語,這時關系代詞要置于介詞后面,不能省略。介詞of表示所屬關系,of which指的是“在這些問題中”。[B] 中的for表示原因,與題意不符;[C] 和[D] 也能引導定語從句,但都與句子的意思不符,所以只能選[A]。本句句意為:在澳大利亞中部,沙漠生活面臨許多問題,其中汲水是一個很嚴峻的問題。